Introduction

India’s Goods and Services Tax (GST) was introduced in 2017 as a historic reform to
replace a complex web of indirect taxes with a unified, destination-based tax system. Over
time, GST improved transparency, boosted compliance, and enhanced ease of doing
business, but also faced challenges like multiple rates, inverted duty structures, and
compliance burdens. The GST 2.0 reform package marks the most ambitious overhaul of
the system since its launch, introducing a simplified rate structure, sectoral relief, and
institutional reforms designed to balance economic growth with fiscal prudence.

What is the Goods and Services Tax (GST)?

Introduced by the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2017, GST is a comprehensive
indirect tax levied on the supply of goods and services in India. It replaced excise duty,
service tax, VAT, octroi, and several other indirect levies, creating a common national
market. The Kelkar Task Force (2006) laid the intellectual foundation for GST by
recommending a value-added tax system.

Key Features of GST

GST Collection Growth

Comparison: GST 1.0 vs GST 2.0

GST 2.0 Rate Structure

Key Issues with GST 2.0

Despite simplification, challenges persist:

• Cascading tax risks due to ITC restrictions.
• Revenue shortfall of ~48,000 crore annually.
• Classification disputes in the reduced slab system.
• Compliance complexity for MSMEs.
• Delay in GSTAT benches in many states

Estimated Fiscal Shortfall

Conclusion

GST 2.0 represents a transformative leap in India’s taxation framework. It simplifies
compliance, lowers tax burden, and strengthens growth drivers like MSMEs, agriculture,
and healthcare. However, fiscal prudence remains crucial as revenue shortfalls may stress
state finances. A strong ITC mechanism, timely GSTAT functioning, and alignment with
long-term growth goals are essential for success. GST 2.0, if implemented with stability
and cooperative federalism, can lay the foundation for inclusive prosperity and global
competitiveness.